Punctuation (Corrections)

- English English Grammar | - | NCTB BOOK

Punctuation

একজন লেখকের মনের ভাব সুস্পষ্টভাবে প্রকাশ করতে ও বাক্যের অর্থ সহজ ভাবে বোঝার | ক্ষেত্রে punctuation marks এর ব্যবহার অপরিহার্য।

Punctuation শব্দটির উৎপত্তি latin শব্দ "punctum" থেকে। Punctum শব্দের অর্থ বিশেষ চিহ্ন বা বিন্দু। কোনো sentence লিখার মাঝে বা শেষে বিরতি আপনের জন্য বা অল্প বিলম্ব করার ক্ষেত্রে আমরা যে সমস্ত চিহ্ন ব্যবহার করি তা'ই English grammar এ punctuation marks হিসেবে পরিচিত।

স্টেশন ছাড়া ট্রেন যেমন চলতেই থাকবে, কখনো গন্তব্যে পৌঁছাবে না। তেমনি ভাবে Punctuation marks ছাড়া বাক্যের অর্থ হয় অন্তসারশূন্য।

অজানা কথা:

 Latin ভাষা মূলত Italian দের পুরোনো ভাষা। যা এখনো Italy সহ English native speaker রা তাদের ভাষাতে এবং Grammar এ ব্যবহার করে।

Punctuation Marks সাধারণত ১১ ধরনের: 

যেমন-

i. Full stop (.)

 >Full stop মূলত দীর্ঘতম বিরতি নির্দেশ করে।

He has reached there.

 

ii. Comma (,)

> Comma অল্প বিরতি নির্দেশ করে। Punctuation এর আলোচনায় Comma (.) ব্যবহার সবচেয়ে বেশি।

I like to eat banana, strawberry and guava.

 

iii. Semicolon (;)

> Comma এর চেয়ে বেশি ও  full stop অপেক্ষা কম বিরতি নির্দেশ  করতে semicolon বসে।

The book fair was crowded ; we visited the fair on Friday.

 

v. Question Mark (?)

> “Wh. word/auxiliary verb + subject……”  এই ধরনের Structure হলে, সাধারনত শেষে question mark (?) হয়।

What  do you want ?

 

iv. Colon (:)

>Semicolon  অপেক্ষা দীর্ঘ বিরতি নির্দেশ  করতে colon বসে।

There are many problems in our area, such as: smuggling, drug addiction and eve teasing.

 

vi. Exclamation Mark (!)

>যে word বা sentence দ্বারা আনন্দ, দুঃখ, বিস্ময়, উল্লাস, ভয় ইত্যাদি আকস্মিক ভাবে বোঝালে,ঐ সকল word বা sentence এর পরে exclamation mark বসে ।

Alas! I have lost your last adaptation (শেষ সম্বল). 

you Fie (ছিঃ)! you are so bad.

What a nice picture it is!

How funny the story is!

 

vii. Apostrophe (')

> Rule-01: অধিকার অর্থে noun এর পরে apostrophe "s" বসে।

For example:

Mita's pen = মিতার কলম; Suzon's books = সুজনের বইগুলো |Parents' order = পিতামাতার আদেশ; Girls' school = বালিকাদের বিদ্যালয়

Rule-02: কোনো word এর letter কে বাদ দিতে তদস্থলে apostrophe বসে।

For example:

Of the clock কে বলা যায় = O' clock

Do not কে বলা যায় = Don't

Did not কে বলা যায় = Didn't He will কে বলা যায় = He'll

Shall not কে বলা যায় = Shan't 

Rule-03: কোনো ইংরেজি সংখ্যা বা বর্ণ (letter) কে plural করতে letter বা সংখ্যার পরে ('s) বসে। 

For example:

Delete all T's and add two L's. (সকল "T" বর্ণ মুছে দাও এবং দুইটি "L" বর্ণ যুক্ত কর Two 5's makes ten. (দুইটি ৫ সংখ্যা যোগে দশ হয়)

Rule-04: কোনো দোকানের নামের ক্ষেত্রে apostrophe বসে।

For example:

Grocer's = মুদি দোকান।

Butcher's = মাংস বিক্রেতা

 

ix. Hyphen (-)

>Rule-01: দুই বা ততোধিক word এর সমন্বয়ে যখন কোনো compound word গঠিত হয়, তখন Hyphen চিহ্ন বসে।

For example:

Father-in-law= শ্বশুর

Up-to-date = আধুনিক

Co-ordination = সমঝোতা 

Non-violation = অলঙ্ঘন

Rule-02: Fraction বা ভগ্নাংশের ক্ষেত্রে hyphen বসে।

For example: 

Two-fourths of the work

One-third of the people

Rule-03: কোনো লাইন লিখতে যেয়ে শেষ word এর কিছু অংশ নিচে নেমে আসলে hyphen বসিয়ে, word এর বাকী অংশটুকু পরের লাইনের শুরুতে বসে।

For example: I saw the man slee-

ping on the bed.

লক্ষণীয়, আমি লিখতে চেয়েছিলাম "I saw the man sleeping কিন্তু, "slee" লিখার পর page এর শেষে আর কোনো letter লেখা সম্ভব হলনা, সেইজন্য dash দিয়ে "ping. -" লিখা হয়েছে।
 

viii. Dash (-)

> Rule-01: চিন্তার আকস্মিক পরিবর্তন করা বোঝাতে dash বসে।

For example:

Your father is no more - but should you remember him?

The kids are jumping and laughing - is it time for doing these?

Rule-02: বিস্ময়মূলক ভাবে কোনো কিছুর শেষ বোঝাতে dash বসে।

For example:

The old man was sitting on a chair fell down. 

The police caught the thief ran away. 

 

x. Parenthesis/Bracket ()

> Rule-01: কোনো ঘটনা ব্যাখ্যা করে বিস্তারিত বোঝানোর ক্ষেত্রে parenthesis বা brackets বসানো হয়।

For example:

Kazi Nazrul Islam (1899-1976) was born in a poor family.

The second world war (1939-1954) is a remarkable event in the history of world.

Rule-02: কোনো বাক্যের ভেতরে কয়েকটি উদাহরণ দেওয়ার ক্ষেত্রে number/letter গুলো parenthesis এর মাঝে বসে।

For example:

There are many ways to help the innocent such as: (1) giving rice; (2) giving medical facilities; (3) giving shelter.

 

xi. Asterisk (*)

>Rule-01: কোনো বিষয়ে গুরুত্ব বোঝানোর জন্য/অবশ্যই করতে হবে, এমন ক্ষেত্রে উত্ত বিষয় বা শব্দের পূর্বে asterisk চিহ্নটি বসে।

For example:

Learning basic grammar is important to know English properly.

You should focus on learning tense.

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        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:282
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        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:282
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        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
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        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
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        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:282
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        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:305
        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:282
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        • vendor/kalnoy/nestedset/src/QueryBuilder.php:321
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:282
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      • SubjectRepository.php#119debugerror_satt150μsselect * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` = 10418 and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:119
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:118
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        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:134
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:133
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
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        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:133
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/Repository.php:427
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Cache/CacheManager.php:453
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:133
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        Bindings
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        Backtrace
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        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:76
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
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        Backtrace
        • app/Repositories/SubjectRepository.php:337
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:77
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:44
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        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • app/Services/SubjectService.php:82
        • app/Http/Controllers/Academy/SubjectController.php:105
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:44
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:266
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        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • view::includes.restrict:30
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:75
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      2SubjectDescription.php#?
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